Final Exam Review Velocity and Acceleration Chapter 2
Final Exam Review
Physics 115
December 14, 1998
I am hoping to come up with about 50 questions. I have not decided whether they volition be all multiple choice.
Electricity
Become over hour examination.
Become over Experiment E6.half-dozen
Brand sure you go over the handouts on Electrostatics and Magnetism.
At that place volition be more questions like the ones on the hour exam.
Know virtually conductors and insulators.
Know which materials are magnetic.
Know all the components and their units of electricity:
Accuse, current, resistance, potential difference, electric free energy, electrical power, electrical force, capacitance, inductance (didn't cover, will non ask nearly), magnetic poles, magnetic force.
We have dealt with direct current (DC). Almost all ability sources produce alternating current voltage and electric current (Air conditioning).
This is considering it is much easier to produce Air-conditioning voltage using electromagnetic ways. AC voltage moves positive and negative.
We use devices to change voltage from AC to DC when we need information technology.
Magnetic fields originate from moving charges.
Only moving charges feel a strength in a magnetic field, not stationary charges. F=qvB, where B = magnetic field.
There is no force if the velocity is along the same management equally the magnetic field.
All of electricity and magnetism (called electromagnetism) can be understood by Maxwell'southward four equations.
These equations as well prove that low-cal basically consists of electric and magnetic field.
Light is function of electromagnetism.
Motility, Force, and Gravity
Speed describes how fast a torso moves:
Instantaneous speed describes the speed at any instant.
Average speed describes the speed over some time period.
On a graph of distance versus time, we take found that the speed is the slope.
In order to draw speed and management, we have to exist sure of our frame of reference. We describe position, velocity, etc. in a reference frame. Call back the train shooting the ball up.
Scalar: a scalar quantity describes magnitude only.
Vector: a vector quantity describes both direction and magnitude .
Describe where I am with respect to you lot. It doesn't suffice to say 3 m. That would exist on a circle of radius 3 m. Yous also take to give the direction. You could say 3 m south, or 3 yard toward the estimator. Nosotros oftentimes detect vectors necessary to describe motion.
We call a clarification of where something is located a position vector.
Now let's define more than precisely speed and velocity.
speed: only magnitude
velocity: magnitude and direction.
Two cars moving with the same speed do not necessarily have the same velocity. Ane could be traveling n and the other south.
We use boldface to indicate vectors or arrows over the quantity.
acceleration is the charge per unit of change of velocity.
note that v and a are vectors!
Dispatch can be due to a modify in speed or a change in direction.
Round motion at constant speed is called centripetal dispatch ..
Inertia is the belongings of a torso that causes information technology to remain at balance or in move unless acted upon by an outside force.
Newton's 1 st Constabulary
A body remains at balance or continues in uniform movement except when compelled to change its motion by forces interim upon it.
Also called the police of inertia.
New concept:
momentum, p
p = yard v
What is a force?
A force is a push or pull. We used springs to limited them.
A forcefulness is a vector.
At that place are four fundamental forces:
gravitational
electromagnetic
strong (nuclear)
weak (beta decay)
We must distinguish between external and internal forces.
External (or outside) forces are agents of modify.
Examples of internal forces are the electromagnetic ones holding the torso together, both within the atoms and between the atoms.
Nigh of the forces with which nosotros are familiar are electromagnetic.
Newton's two nd Law
Force is defined as the rate of change of momentum.
The force and 
The instantaneous force occurs over a very small D t .
The SI unit of strength is the newton.
one N = ane kg grand/southward ii
If we always use SI units, then the respond will always be in SI units. If we use velocity in cm/due south, the answer volition non be in N.
Newton'due south 3 rd Police.
Whenever one body exerts a force on a 2d body, the second torso exerts a force of equal magnitude and opposite direction on the first body.
"For every action, at that place is a equal and opposite reaction."
Conservation of Linear Momentum.
In the absence of a internet external strength, the linear momentum of a body, or of a system of bodies, is ever conserved.
Gravitation
We call the dispatch with which a body falls to Globe, the acceleration of gravity and employ the symbol 1000 to announce it. It is adequately constant over the surface of the Earth, but decreases with altitude as nosotros shall see.
F = k a = m g
The direction of thousand is towards the center of Globe.
Projectile motion is always a parabola, because there is only a vertical force. The vertical speed changes due to gravity, but the horizontal speed is abiding.
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
In that location exists an attractive interaction betwixt whatsoever two fabric bodies in the universe.
Temperature is different than oestrus and thermal energy.
Temperature is what thermometers measure. It is an indication of the internal kinetic energy of the object.
The kelvin calibration uses 0 K as the absolute zero temperature. Information technology is related to the celsius scale by
Thermal energy is the sum of the internal potential and kinetic energies of all the atoms and molecules of a trunk.
We mensurate energy in the SI unit of joules. In more common employ is calories.
cal = calories
J = joules
one cal = four.186 J
one calorie is the amount of estrus required to raise the temperature of 1 k of water past 1 0 C.
1 Calorie = ane kcal
Calorie is the nutrient energy unit.
Specific heat capacity refers to the power of a substance to store thermal energy.
Units: cal/g 0 C
Run across table on page 300
Q = heat transfer
Q = mc D T
c = 1.0 cal/chiliad o C for h2o
c = 0.5 cal/1000 o C for water ice
c = 0.48 cal/g o C for steam
How is free energy transferred?
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Stage Changes
As nosotros go upwards the temperature scale:
Melting, evaporation (or vaporization).
Equally we go downwards the temperature scale:
Condensation, freezing (or solidification).
Some substances skip a phase: sublimation goes from solid to gas like CO 2 .
Latent heat of fusion is the energy required to go from solid to liquid. fourscore cal/k for water.
Latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to go from liquid to gas. 540 cal/g for water.
When the phase changes goes in the opposite direction, negative values of energy occur. When water freezes, energy is released.
Evaporation is not the same equally boiling. Evaporation takes place at the surface of the liquid. It takes energy to evaporate the molecules, and the object so feels libation. That is why nosotros sweat.
Zeroth law: Two bodies in thermal equilibrium with a 3 rd torso are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Outset police: Energy is conserved in all transformations in an isolated system.
2d law: Within an isolated organisation, some (just never all) oestrus from a source can never be converted into work or mechanical energy.
Oestrus input = work output + waste estrus output
Heat engines extract heat from a hot reservoir, does work, and expels function of the heat to a colder reservoir.
Max Eff = 
tin never exist 100%
Internal combustion motorcar engines are examples of heat engines.
Second Police has several forms: heat flows spontaneously from a hotter body to a colder body, never the other way around.
Heat pumps require work to accept heat from a cold body and remove it to a warm torso. Refrigerators, freezers, and air conditioners do this.
Entropy: the entropy of an isolated system never decreases.
Matter
Space, time, thing, and free energy plant what we phone call the physical world.
4 central properties: length, time, mass, and electrical charge.
Derived quantities: speed, energy, electric current, magnetism, forcefulness
Scientific methodology-know it!
Note Eratosthenes'due south measurement in the 3 rd century B.C. for the circumference of Earth.
Chapter four is the about of import chapter.
Know chemical notation and chemic formulas.
Know how to residual chemical reactions.
Example: burn natural gas (mostly methane)
CH iv + 2O 2 ® CO 2 + 2H two O
There is no detectable change in the total mass during a chemic reaction.
Chemical compounds (molecules) are formed when atoms of different elements join together to make identical units.
Know ionic and covalent bonding.
Understand notation for bonding.
Cohesion is the tendency for like molecules, such as those of h2o, to attract each other.
Surface tension, a consequence of cohesion, is the trend of polar liquids (especially) to pull toward each other.
Adhesion is the trend of unlike molecules to stick to each other (meniscus). (Adhesion forces between water and drinking glass is stronger than cohesive forces of h2o).
Capillary activity is the power of water or other polar liquids to pull themselves through small tubes; it occurs when the bore of the tube is so small that the surface adhesion is stronger than whatever other forcefulness interim on the liquid.
Hydrogen bonds occur between a hydrogen cantlet in a polar molecule and the negatively charged portion of some other polar molecule. A hydrogen atom is left with a considerable positive charge when information technology shares its single electron with atoms such as oxygen, fluorine and nitrogen in a polar molecule.
An acid is a compound that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H + ) when dissolved in water.
A base is a compound that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH - ) when dissolved in water.
Know about pH.
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